Java 多线程的Thread类和Runnable接口
Thread 类
Thread 类是一个具体的类，即不是抽象类，该类封装了线程的行为。要创建一个线程，程序员必须创建一个从 Thread 类导出的新类。程序员必须覆盖 Thread 的 run() 函数来完成有用的工作。用户并不直接调用此函数；而是必须调用 Thread 的 start() 函数，该函数再调用 run()。下面的代码说明了它的用法：
创建两个新线程
import java.util.*;
class TimePrinter extends Thread {
int pauseTime;
String name;
public TimePrinter(int x, String n) {
pauseTime = x;
name = n;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
System.out.println(name + ":" + new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()));
Thread.sleep(pauseTime);
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
static public void main(String args[]) {
TimePrinter tp1 = new TimePrinter(1000, "Fast Guy");
tp1.start();
TimePrinter tp2 = new TimePrinter(3000, "Slow Guy");
tp2.start();
}
}
在本例中，我们可以看到一个简单的程序，它按两个不同的时间间隔（1 秒和 3 秒）在屏幕上显示当前时间。这是通过创建两个新线程来完成的，包括 main() 共三个线程。但是，因为有时要作为线程运行的类可能已经是某个类层次的一部分，所以就不能再按这种机制创建线程。虽然在同一个类中可以实现任意数量的接口，但 Java 编程语言只允许一个类有一个父类。同时，某些程序员避免从 Thread 类导出，因为它强加了类层次。对于这种情况，就要 runnable 接口。
Runnable 接口
此接口只有一个函数，run()，此函数必须由实现了此接口的类实现。但是，就运行这个类而论，其语义与前一个示例稍有不同。我们可以用 runnable 接口改写前一个示例。（不同的部分用黑体表示。）
创建两个新线程而不强加类层次
import java.util.*;
class TimePrinter implements Runnable {
int pauseTime;
String name;
public TimePrinter(int x, String n) {
pauseTime = x;
name = n;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
System.out.println(name + ":" + new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()));
Thread.sleep(pauseTime);
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
static public void main(String args[]) {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new TimePrinter(1000, "Fast Guy"));
t1.start();
Thread t2 = new Thread(new TimePrinter(3000, "Slow Guy"));
t2.start();
}
}
请注意，当使用 runnable 接口时，您不能直接创建所需类的对象并运行它；必须从 Thread 类的一个实例内部运行它。许多程序员更喜欢 runnable 接口，因为从 Thread 类继承会强加类层次。
Exception Handling in Web Applications
If you've ever diagnosed a bug in a web application, you've undoubtedly experienced annoyance digging through a list of fifteen exception stack traces trying to identify the one you're interested in (if it's even present), or a sinking feeling when you tailed the web server log only to find:
java.lang.NullPointerException
Step into the J2EE architecture and process
Summary]
The Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Platform is defined by four key pieces: the specification, the reference implementation, the compatibility test suite, and the BluePrints program. BluePrints describes the best practices and design guidelines for a distributed component architecture. This article introduces an eight-step J2EE development methodology based on the Rational Unified Process and the BluePrints sample application. By reading this article, you will better understand many important J2EE architecture topics, and be able to apply that knowledge to extend and modify this simple methodology to solve your special business problems. (3,600 words; September 28, 2001)