译者 Adameziz
The causes of cancer you can control
那些可控的致癌原因
Posted on December 7, 2011 by Jess Harris
2011年11月7日由 Jess Harris 发布
Can cancer be prevented? Decades of research have shown that a person’s chances of getting cancer depends on a mishmash of their genes and their environment, but also certain aspects of their lives, many of which they can control.
癌症是否能防治？几十年的研究表明一个人患上癌症的几率不仅是由于他们的基因和环境的混杂，而是他们生活上的某些方面，那些他们可以控制的方面的杂乱。
Today saw the publication of a landmark Cancer Research UK-funded review by Professor Max Parkin, outlining the latest evidence behind the preventable causes of UK cancers.
今天看到出自教授 Max Parkin 的一篇具有标志性的综述文章，是由英国癌症研究赞助。该文章列举出在英国可预防的癌症原因背后的最新证据。
As our press release says, these latest calculations, based on predicted cases for 2010, show that smoking, diet, alcohol and obesity are behind more than 100,000 cancers. This is equivalent to one third of all cancers diagnosed in the UK each year.
正如我们的媒体报道，根据2010年预测到的案例，这些最新的测算数据显示，吸烟，节食，饮酒和过度肥胖是10万多例癌症背后的原因。这相当于英国每年三分之一确诊为癌症的人数。
And this figure further increases to around 134,000 when taking into account all 14 lifestyle and environmental risk factors analysed in this study.
此外这个人数在算上这项研究中分析的所有14中生活方式和环境危险因素后增加到了13.4万。
There’s more in-depth information about the statistics on our website, and our healthy living pages explain the take-home messages from the research.
我们的网站上有更多深层次有关统计的信息，并且我们的健康生活网页也解释了来自研究中的“家庭版”信息。
But to help make sense of the vast quantity of information contained in the 91-page report, we’ve also put together a graphic that shows the proportion of cancers that can be prevented through lifestyle changes. It’s worth spending a minute or so looking at the key to understand how to interpret the graphic (which you can download as a larger PDF version).Download a hi-res PDF of this graphic
但是为了使这91页报告中大量的信息具有意义，我们已组合了一张图其中展示了能通过改变生活方式这个部分来预防癌症的内容。所以还是值得花几分钟看懂如何解释该图（也可以作为大图下载PDF版本）的重点。下载本图高清PDF。
Information is power
信息就是力量
Providing this type of information is categorically not about blame – every two minutes someone in the UK is diagnosed with cancer, and each of them have a unique set of circumstances that led to their cancer. There are many things that together affect a person’s chances of developing cancer – some of them can be controlled, some can’t.
提供这类信息绝对不是指责---每隔2分钟在英国就有人被诊断为癌症，并且他们每个人都有一套独特环境导致他们的癌症。有许多事情都是联合在一起作用于一个人癌症发展的机会---有些事可以被控制，而有些不行。
Leading a healthy lifestyle is not a cast-iron guarantee against cancer. But it reduces the risk of the disease. If you think about cancer risk like a hand of cards, some people are dealt a worse hand because of their genes, some people a better one.
过一个健康生活方式并不是绝对地保证能防癌。而它是可以减低病患的风险。如果你把癌症风险想像成一手牌的话，有些人因为他们的基因而打了一手烂牌，有些人则是一副上手牌。
But in both cases, these people can do things to reduce their individual risk of cancer. So this type of information is crucial in equipping people with the information they need to stack the odds in their favour.
但这两个案例中，这些人可以做些事情来降低他们个体的癌症风险。因此这类信息提供给人们所需的那些能增加对他们有利条件的关键信息。
Such information is also crucial to guide policymakers in planning public health interventions. For instance, decades of work documenting the risks of smoking tobacco and the benefits of giving up – much of it by our scientists – has contributed to increased acceptance of tobacco as a major health hazard and led to many successful tobacco control measures.
这种信息对政策制定者确立健康干预计划中也起到了相当重要的作用。比方，几十年关于吸烟危害和戒烟益处的工作记录---大部分都归功于我们的科学家---为增加烟草作为一个重要健康危害的接受度做出了贡献并得到了许多成功的烟草控制方法。
We’re now starting to see the effects of these policies in lung cancer rates amongst UK men. But there’s more work still to do.
我们现在开始看到这些政策对英国男性中肺癌比率的影响效果。但是仍有很多工作需要去做。
Bah humbug?
哼，这不是坑爹吗？
We’re also aware of the irony of publishing this research just before Christmas, when many of us enjoy one too many mince pies, or a few too many glasses of mulled wine. In our press release, we explain that we’re not expecting everyone to watch what they eat and limit alcohol intake during the festive season, and we don’t want people to feel guilty about indulging a bit more than usual.
当我们中许多人多吃了几个碎肉馅饼，或多喝了两杯香料热饮酒时，我们都会意识到在圣诞节前发布这篇文章的讽刺意味。我们发布的文章中解释过并不是希望每个人都在节日期间注意他们的饮食和控制酒精的摄入，另外我们也并不愿人们对偶尔放纵一下而感到内疚。
Rather than focus on short-term behaviour changes, healthy living is about long-term lifestyle tweaks that can really make a difference. Regularly taking the stairs rather than using the lift, drinking a couple fewer beers or wines every week, eating a little more fruit, etc.
健康生活方式不是关注短期的行为变化，而是关于长期生活方式调整从而带来真正的大不同。有规律的走楼梯而不座电梯，每周少喝杯啤酒或红酒， 多吃些的水果，等等。
Incorporating a series of such healthy behaviours into your daily life can make a significant difference to your future risk of cancer.
整合一系列这类的健康行为方式到你的日常生活中能在将来为你的癌症风险带来巨大的不同。
What you need to know
你需要知道什么
Finally, below we’ve pulled together some of the important information you need to know about the 14 lifestyle and environmental risk factors analysed in this study:
综上，下面是我们集合了一些你需要知道的本研究中分析到的这14种生活方式和环境风险因素的重要信息。
Tobacco – although the number of smokers has fallen dramatically over the last 30 years, and lung cancer rates have fallen too, UK smoking rates have stagnated over recent years at around 22 per cent. We’re doing all we can to help people quit and protect children from the influences that lead them to become smokers. That’s why we’re campaigning for plain packaging – so that young children won’t be exposed to the tobacco industry’s last marketing channel.
烟草——尽管吸烟人数在过去的三十年里有明显的降低，肺癌患病率也随之降低，英国近十年的吸烟比率仍顽固的维持在百分之二十二左右。我们已经竭尽所能去帮助人们戒烟并保护孩子们免受那些导致他们成为烟民的影响。这也是为什么我们发起香烟简单化包装的运动——从而避免我们的青少年暴露在烟草业最后的市场渠道。
Overweight – obesity and being overweight was the second biggest cause of cancer in the UK in the new study. Despite this, people are still unaware that their weight can have such a strong influence on their cancer risk. In a Cancer Research UK survey, only 3 per cent of people named obesity as something that can increase cancer risk. We’re using campaigns like Active Fat to help people understand that keeping a healthy weight can really help reduce the risk.
体重超标——肥胖和体重超重在新的研究中已经是英国 第二大的癌症原因。尽管如此，人们仍然没有意识到他们的体重对患癌风险有举足轻重的影响。在英国癌症研究的一项调查中，只有百分之三的人选肥胖作为增加癌症风险。我们通过像“活性脂肪”等活动来帮助人们了解保持一个健康体重确实能帮助降低风险。
Fruit and vegetables – the reason fruit and veg come out so highly in this analysis is probably that many people in the UK eat fewer than their recommended 5 portions a day. Fruit and veg are an important source of vitamins, minerals and fibre, but don’t rely on supplements to get the nutrients you need – they haven’t been shown to reduce cancer risk and, in some cases, they may be harmful.
水果和蔬菜——水果和蔬菜在此次研究中显得非常突出的可能原因是在英国许多人吃果蔬少于推荐给他们的每天5顿的量。水果和蔬菜是维生素，矿物质和纤维质的重要来源，但并不要依赖于营养补剂来获得那些你需要的营养——营养品被证实没有降低癌症风险，此外在一些案例中它们也许有害。
Alcohol - you don’t have to cut out alcohol completely to reduce the risk of cancer – the more you cut down, the more you can reduce the risk. You could try tracking your drinking for a few weeks, to see how much alcohol you really drink – many people underestimate the amount. Use our drinks tracker or download the NHS app on your iPhone or android device.
酒类——你并不需要完全不喝酒来降低癌症风险——喝的越少风险也越低。你可以试着跟踪记录你几周内的饮酒量，来看看你到底喝了多少酒——许多人低估了这个量。可以使用我们的饮酒跟踪器或者下载NHS的软件到你的iPhone或者安卓设备上。
Occupation – some people are more at risk of cancer as a result of chemicals or practices used in their occupations. But improved safety in the workplace means fewer people will be at risk now than in the past. If you’re concerned about your work environment, talk to your managers or you could contact the Health and Safety Executive.
职业——有些人因为他们职业中使用的化学品和工作习惯的结果会有更多的患癌风险。但是增加工作场所的安全保护意味着人们现在比过去的风险小得多。如果你对你工作的环境有顾虑，跟你的经理谈谈或者可以联系健康和安全主管。
Sunlight and sunbeds – getting too much exposure to UV light, whether from the sun or sunbeds, is the main cause of skin cancers. And rates of malignant melanoma, the most serious form of skin cancer, are rising fast. Cancer Research UK runs SunSmart, a national skin cancer prevention campaign, to help people know what they can do to reduce the risk of sunburn and skin cancers. At the moment, we’re running ‘R UV UGLY?’, which offers sunbed users the chance to see what’s really going on in their skin. Find out more and take part on our facebook page.
太阳光和日光浴——不论在阳光下或在日光浴中接受的紫外线过多是发生皮肤癌一个主要原因。此外恶性黑色素瘤，一种最严重的皮肤癌的比例在迅速增加。英国癌症研究举办的SunSmart，是一个国家皮肤癌防治运动，来帮助人们明白他们能怎么做才能降低晒伤和皮肤癌的风险。目前，我们在进行“紫外线丑吗？”节目，这给日光浴使用者提供了一个看清楚他们皮肤到底真正发生了什么的机会。想知道更多或可参与到我们在脸书网上的主页。
Infections – in the UK, human papillomavirus, or HPV, is behind the most cancers, followed by Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach cancer. Girls aged 12-13 are now vaccinated against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV, which means rates of cervical cancer should decline substantially in the near future
感染——在英国，人乳头瘤病毒，或简称HPV，是大部分癌症的原因，接着是幽门螺杆菌，也就是导致胃癌的原因。目前12-13岁的女孩都接受免疫接种来对抗两种最常见的癌症——几种HPV的发病原因，这就意味着子宫颈癌飞发病应该在不久的将来有实质性降低。
Red and processed meat – red meat is any fresh, minced or frozen beef, pork, lamb or veal. And processed meat means anything that’s been preserved (apart from by freezing) – so it includes salami, bacon, ham and sausages. Eating small amounts of these meats won’t have a huge effect on cancer risk, but it’s a good idea to limit your intake to only a couple of times a week. Here’s a post from our archives about how red meat might increase the risk of bowel cancer.
红色和加工过的肉类——红肉是任何新鲜，切块或者冷冻的牛肉、猪肉、羊肉或者小牛肉。此外加工过的肉类是任何被加防腐工序的肉（除冷冻外）—— 因此它包括意大利腊肠，熏猪肉，火腿和火腿肠。少量的食用这类肉不会对癌症风险有什么巨大影响，但是限制你每周的摄入量到几次是个好主意。看看我们文档中关于红肉如何会增加肠癌风险的文章。
Radiation – we’re all exposed to natural background radiation all the time, from the earth and from space. And occasionally we are exposed to higher doses, such as from X-rays, radiotherapy or travelling by aeroplane.
辐射——我们所有人都无时无刻暴露在来自地球和太空中的自然背景辐射。此外我们偶尔会接触到高剂量辐射比如X光，放射治疗或者座飞机旅行。
Fibre – eating a high-fibre diet can reduce the risk of bowel cancer – it helps speed up food passing through the digestive system, and dilutes waste food, so that cancer-causing chemicals in our food aren’t in contact with the bowel wall for so long.
纤维质——进食高纤维质食物可以降低肠癌风险——它能帮助加速食物通过消化系统的速度，此外稀释未吸收食物，由此我们体内导致癌症的化合物不会和肠道壁接触过长的时间。
Physical activity – being active not only helps you keep a healthy weight, but also reduces cancer risk by itself. But you don’t have to slog it out in the gym for hours a day – just 30 minutes of moderate activity on 5 days a week gives you the benefit. And even small bits of activity throughout the day add up.
体育活动——保持活跃不仅仅帮助你保持健康体重，而本身就能降低癌症风险。但是你不必每天辛苦的在健身房流汗一个小时——每周5天仅30分钟适中的活动量就能让你受益。另外甚至一整天中每次小量的活动也能起到功效。
Not breast feeding – breast feeding babies has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer – so if you’re able to, and not everyone is, it’s a good idea to try to keep it up for 6 months.
没有母乳喂养——母乳喂养婴儿也曾显示出能降低乳癌的风险——所以如果你可以喂，并不是每个人都能做到，试着保持6个月的喂养是个不错的注意。
Salt – high-salt diets can increase the risk of stomach cancer, but other factors like the common bacterial infection Helicobacter pylori and smoking also play an important role.
盐——高盐饮食能增加胃癌风险，但是其他因素比如普通细菌感染像幽门螺杆菌和吸烟也占有很重要的地位。
Hormone replacement therapy – HRT is an effective treatment for menopausal symptoms, but it can increase the risk of cancer. If you’re considering starting or stopping HRT, it’s a good idea to talk to your doctor first.
荷尔蒙取代疗法——简称HRT是一项对更年期症状的有效治疗方法，但是它能增加癌症风险。如果你考虑准备开始或者停止HRT治疗的话最好是和你的医生先谈谈。
Jess and Olly
杰斯和奥利 编
Find out how to support our work on beating cancer
了解如何支持我们击败癌症的工作
Reference
参考文献
DM Parkin (2011). The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010 British Journal of Cancer, 105 (Supplement 2)
DM 帕金（2011年）. 在英国归因于生活方式和环境因素的癌症比例，2010年英国癌症杂志，105（增刊2）
