JVM Attach机制实现

标签： jvm attach | 发表时间：2014-06-18 19:15 | 作者：
出处：http://nijiaben.github.io/

Attach是什么

  在讲这个之前，我们先来点大家都知道的东西，当我们感觉线程一直卡在某个地方，想知道卡在哪里，首先想到的是进行线程dump，而常用的命令是jstack ，我们就可以看到如下线程栈了

2014-06-18 12:56:14
Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (24.51-b03 mixed mode):

"Attach Listener" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c6800800 nid=0x440b waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"Service Thread" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c584d800 nid=0x5303 runnable [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"C2 CompilerThread1" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c482e000 nid=0x5103 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"C2 CompilerThread0" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c482c800 nid=0x4f03 waiting on condition [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"Signal Dispatcher" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4815800 nid=0x4d03 runnable [0x0000000000000000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE

"Finalizer" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4813800 nid=0x3903 in Object.wait() [0x00000001187d2000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor)
    at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
    - waiting on <0x00000007aaa85568> (a java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue$Lock)
    at java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue.remove(ReferenceQueue.java:135)
    - locked <0x00000007aaa85568> (a java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue$Lock)
    at java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue.remove(ReferenceQueue.java:151)
    at java.lang.ref.Finalizer$FinalizerThread.run(Finalizer.java:189)

"Reference Handler" daemon prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4800000 nid=0x3703 in Object.wait() [0x00000001186cf000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor)
    at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
    - waiting on <0x00000007aaa850f0> (a java.lang.ref.Reference$Lock)
    at java.lang.Object.wait(Object.java:503)
    at java.lang.ref.Reference$ReferenceHandler.run(Reference.java:133)
    - locked <0x00000007aaa850f0> (a java.lang.ref.Reference$Lock)

"main" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c5800800 nid=0x1903 waiting on condition [0x0000000107962000]
   java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (sleeping)
    at java.lang.Thread.sleep(Native Method)
    at Test.main(Test.java:5)

"VM Thread" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c583d800 nid=0x3503 runnable

"GC task thread#0 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c401e000 nid=0x2503 runnable

"GC task thread#1 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c401e800 nid=0x2703 runnable

"GC task thread#2 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c401f800 nid=0x2903 runnable

"GC task thread#3 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4020000 nid=0x2b03 runnable

"GC task thread#4 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4020800 nid=0x2d03 runnable

"GC task thread#5 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4021000 nid=0x2f03 runnable

"GC task thread#6 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4022000 nid=0x3103 runnable

"GC task thread#7 (ParallelGC)" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c4022800 nid=0x3303 runnable

"VM Periodic Task Thread" prio=5 tid=0x00007fb0c5845000 nid=0x5503 waiting on condition

  大家是否注意过上面圈起来的两个线程，”Attach Listener”和“Signal Dispatcher”，这两个线程是我们这次要讲的Attach机制的关键，先偷偷告诉各位，其实Attach Listener这个线程在jvm起来的时候可能并没有的，后面会细说。

  那Attach机制是什么？说简单点就是jvm提供一种jvm进程间通信的能力，能让一个进程传命令给另外一个进程，并让它执行内部的一些操作，比如说我们为了让另外一个jvm进程把线程dump出来，那么我们跑了一个jstack的进程，然后传了个pid的参数，告诉它要哪个进程进行线程dump，既然是两个进程，那肯定涉及到进程间通信，以及传输协议的定义，比如要执行什么操作，传了什么参数等

Attach能做些什么

  总结起来说，比如内存dump，线程dump，类信息统计(比如加载的类及大小以及实例个数等)，动态加载agent(使用过btrace的应该不陌生)，动态设置vm flag(但是并不是所有的flag都可以设置的，因为有些flag是在jvm启动过程中使用的，是一次性的)，打印vm flag，获取系统属性等，这些对应的源码(AttachListener.cpp)如下

static AttachOperationFunctionInfo funcs[] = {
  { "agentProperties",  get_agent_properties },
  { "datadump",         data_dump },
  { "dumpheap",         dump_heap },
  { "load",             JvmtiExport::load_agent_library },
  { "properties",       get_system_properties },
  { "threaddump",       thread_dump },
  { "inspectheap",      heap_inspection },
  { "setflag",          set_flag },
  { "printflag",        print_flag },
  { "jcmd",             jcmd },
  { NULL,               NULL }
};

  后面是命令对应的处理函数。

Attach在jvm里如何实现的

Attach Listener线程的创建

  前面也提到了，jvm在启动过程中可能并没有启动Attach Listener这个线程，可以通过jvm参数来启动，代码 （Threads::create_vm）如下：

 
  if (!DisableAttachMechanism) {
    if (StartAttachListener || AttachListener::init_at_startup()) {
      AttachListener::init();
    }
  }
bool AttachListener::init_at_startup() {
  if (ReduceSignalUsage) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

  其中DisableAttachMechanism，StartAttachListener ，ReduceSignalUsage均默认是false(globals.hpp)

product(bool, DisableAttachMechanism, false,                              \
         "Disable mechanism that allows tools to Attach to this VM”)   
product(bool, StartAttachListener, false,                                 \
          "Always start Attach Listener at VM startup")  
product(bool, ReduceSignalUsage, false,                                   \
          "Reduce the use of OS signals in Java and/or the VM”)

  因此AttachListener::init()并不会被执行，而Attach Listener线程正是在此方法里创建的

// Starts the Attach Listener thread
void AttachListener::init() {
  EXCEPTION_MARK;
  klassOop k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_Thread(), true, CHECK);
  instanceKlassHandle klass (THREAD, k);
  instanceHandle thread_oop = klass->allocate_instance_handle(CHECK);

  const char thread_name[] = "Attach Listener";
  Handle string = java_lang_String::create_from_str(thread_name, CHECK);

  // Initialize thread_oop to put it into the system threadGroup
  Handle thread_group (THREAD, Universe::system_thread_group());
  JavaValue result(T_VOID);
  JavaCalls::call_special(&result, thread_oop,
                       klass,
                       vmSymbols::object_initializer_name(),
                       vmSymbols::threadgroup_string_void_signature(),
                       thread_group,
                       string,
                       CHECK);

  KlassHandle group(THREAD, SystemDictionary::ThreadGroup_klass());
  JavaCalls::call_special(&result,
                        thread_group,
                        group,
                        vmSymbols::add_method_name(),
                        vmSymbols::thread_void_signature(),
                        thread_oop,             // ARG 1
                        CHECK);

  { MutexLocker mu(Threads_lock);
    JavaThread* listener_thread = new JavaThread(&Attach_listener_thread_entry);

    // Check that thread and osthread were created
    if (listener_thread == NULL || listener_thread->osthread() == NULL) {
      vm_exit_during_initialization("java.lang.OutOfMemoryError",
                                    "unable to create new native thread");
    }

    java_lang_Thread::set_thread(thread_oop(), listener_thread);
    java_lang_Thread::set_daemon(thread_oop());

    listener_thread->set_threadObj(thread_oop());
    Threads::add(listener_thread);
    Thread::start(listener_thread);
  }
}

  既然在启动的时候不会创建这个线程，那么我们在上面看到的那个线程是怎么创建的呢，这个就要关注另外一个线程“Signal Dispatcher”了，顾名思义是处理信号的，这个线程是在jvm启动的时候就会创建的，具体代码就不说了。

  下面以jstack的实现来说明触发Attach这一机制进行的过程，jstack命令的实现其实是一个叫做JStack.java的类，查看jstack代码后会走到下面的方法里

private static void runThreadDump(String pid, String args[]) throws Exception {
        VirtualMachine vm = null;
        try {
            vm = VirtualMachine.Attach(pid);
        } catch (Exception x) {
            String msg = x.getMessage();
            if (msg != null) {
                System.err.println(pid + ": " + msg);
            } else {
                x.printStackTrace();
            }
            if ((x instanceof AttachNotSupportedException) &&
                (loadSAClass() != null)) {
                System.err.println("The -F option can be used when the target " +
                    "process is not responding");
            }
            System.exit(1);
        }

        // Cast to HotSpotVirtualMachine as this is implementation specific
        // method.
        InputStream in = ((HotSpotVirtualMachine)vm).remoteDataDump((Object[])args);

        // read to EOF and just print output
        byte b[] = new byte[256];
        int n;
        do {
            n = in.read(b);
            if (n > 0) {
                String s = new String(b, 0, n, "UTF-8");
                System.out.print(s);
            }
        } while (n > 0);
        in.close();
        vm.detach();
    }

  请注意VirtualMachine.Attach(pid);这行代码，触发Attach pid的关键，如果是在linux下会走到下面的构造函数

LinuxVirtualMachine(AttachProvider provider, String vmid)
        throws AttachNotSupportedException, IOException
    {
        super(provider, vmid);

        // This provider only understands pids
        int pid;
        try {
            pid = Integer.parseInt(vmid);
        } catch (NumberFormatException x) {
            throw new AttachNotSupportedException("Invalid process identifier");
        }

        // Find the socket file. If not found then we attempt to start the
        // Attach mechanism in the target VM by sending it a QUIT signal.
        // Then we attempt to find the socket file again.
        path = findSocketFile(pid);
        if (path == null) {
            File f = createAttachFile(pid);
            try {
                // On LinuxThreads each thread is a process and we don't have the
                // pid of the VMThread which has SIGQUIT unblocked. To workaround
                // this we get the pid of the "manager thread" that is created
                // by the first call to pthread_create. This is parent of all
                // threads (except the initial thread).
                if (isLinuxThreads) {
                    int mpid;
                    try {
                        mpid = getLinuxThreadsManager(pid);
                    } catch (IOException x) {
                        throw new AttachNotSupportedException(x.getMessage());
                    }
                    assert(mpid >= 1);
                    sendQuitToChildrenOf(mpid);
                } else {
                    sendQuitTo(pid);
                }

                // give the target VM time to start the Attach mechanism
                int i = 0;
                long delay = 200;
                int retries = (int)(AttachTimeout() / delay);
                do {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(delay);
                    } catch (InterruptedException x) { }
                    path = findSocketFile(pid);
                    i++;
                } while (i <= retries && path == null);
                if (path == null) {
                    throw new AttachNotSupportedException(
                        "Unable to open socket file: target process not responding " +
                        "or HotSpot VM not loaded");
                }
            } finally {
                f.delete();
            }
        }

        // Check that the file owner/permission to avoid Attaching to
        // bogus process
        checkPermissions(path);

        // Check that we can connect to the process
        // - this ensures we throw the permission denied error now rather than
        // later when we attempt to enqueue a command.
        int s = socket();
        try {
            connect(s, path);
        } finally {
            close(s);
        }
    }

  这里要解释下代码了，首先看到调用了createAttachFile方法在目标进程的cwd目录下创建了一个文件/proc//cwd/.Attach_pid，这个在后面的信号处理过程中会取出来做判断(为了安全)，另外我们知道在linux下线程是用进程实现的，在jvm启动过程中会创建很多线程，比如我们上面的信号线程，也就是会看到很多的pid(应该是LWP)，那么如何找到这个信号处理线程呢，从上面实现来看是找到我们传进去的pid的父进程，然后给它的所有子进程都发送一个SIGQUIT信号，而jvm里除了信号线程，其他线程都设置了对此信号的屏蔽，因此收不到该信号，于是该信号就传给了“Signal Dispatcher”，在传完之后作轮询等待看目标进程是否创建了某个文件，AttachTimeout默认超时时间是5000ms，可通过设置系统变量sun.tools.Attach.AttachTimeout来指定，下面是Signal Dispatcher线程的entry实现

static void signal_thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) {
  os::set_priority(thread, NearMaxPriority);
  while (true) {
    int sig;
    {
      // FIXME : Currently we have not decieded what should be the status
      //         for this java thread blocked here. Once we decide about
      //         that we should fix this.
      sig = os::signal_wait();
    }
    if (sig == os::sigexitnum_pd()) {
       // Terminate the signal thread
       return;
    }

    switch (sig) {
      case SIGBREAK: {
        // Check if the signal is a trigger to start the Attach Listener - in that
        // case don't print stack traces.
        if (!DisableAttachMechanism && AttachListener::is_init_trigger()) {
          continue;
        }
        // Print stack traces
        // Any SIGBREAK operations added here should make sure to flush
        // the output stream (e.g. tty->flush()) after output.  See 4803766.
        // Each module also prints an extra carriage return after its output.
        VM_PrintThreads op;
        VMThread::execute(&op);
        VM_PrintJNI jni_op;
        VMThread::execute(&jni_op);
        VM_FindDeadlocks op1(tty);
        VMThread::execute(&op1);
        Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK();
        if (PrintClassHistogram) {
          VM_GC_HeapInspection op1(gclog_or_tty, true /* force full GC before heap inspection */,
                                   true /* need_prologue */);
          VMThread::execute(&op1);
        }
        if (JvmtiExport::should_post_data_dump()) {
          JvmtiExport::post_data_dump();
        }
        break;
      }
      ….
      }
    }
  }
}

  当信号是SIGBREAK(在jvm里做了#define，其实就是SIGQUIT)的时候，就会触发 AttachListener::is_init_trigger()的执行，

bool AttachListener::is_init_trigger() {
  if (init_at_startup() || is_initialized()) {
    return false;               // initialized at startup or already initialized
  }
  char fn[PATH_MAX+1];
  sprintf(fn, ".Attach_pid%d", os::current_process_id());
  int ret;
  struct stat64 st;
  RESTARTABLE(::stat64(fn, &st), ret);
  if (ret == -1) {
    snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn), "%s/.Attach_pid%d",
             os::get_temp_directory(), os::current_process_id());
    RESTARTABLE(::stat64(fn, &st), ret);
  }
  if (ret == 0) {
    // simple check to avoid starting the Attach mechanism when
    // a bogus user creates the file
    if (st.st_uid == geteuid()) {
      init();
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

  一开始会判断当前进程目录下是否有个.Attach_pid文件（前面提到了），如果没有就会在/tmp下创建一个/tmp/.Attach_pid，当那个文件的uid和自己的uid是一致的情况下（为了安全）再调用init方法

// Starts the Attach Listener thread
void AttachListener::init() {
  EXCEPTION_MARK;
  klassOop k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_Thread(), true, CHECK);
  instanceKlassHandle klass (THREAD, k);
  instanceHandle thread_oop = klass->allocate_instance_handle(CHECK);

  const char thread_name[] = "Attach Listener";
  Handle string = java_lang_String::create_from_str(thread_name, CHECK);

  // Initialize thread_oop to put it into the system threadGroup
  Handle thread_group (THREAD, Universe::system_thread_group());
  JavaValue result(T_VOID);
  JavaCalls::call_special(&result, thread_oop,
                       klass,
                       vmSymbols::object_initializer_name(),
                       vmSymbols::threadgroup_string_void_signature(),
                       thread_group,
                       string,
                       CHECK);

  KlassHandle group(THREAD, SystemDictionary::ThreadGroup_klass());
  JavaCalls::call_special(&result,
                        thread_group,
                        group,
                        vmSymbols::add_method_name(),
                        vmSymbols::thread_void_signature(),
                        thread_oop,             // ARG 1
                        CHECK);

  { MutexLocker mu(Threads_lock);
    JavaThread* listener_thread = new JavaThread(&Attach_listener_thread_entry);

    // Check that thread and osthread were created
    if (listener_thread == NULL || listener_thread->osthread() == NULL) {
      vm_exit_during_initialization("java.lang.OutOfMemoryError",
                                    "unable to create new native thread");
    }

    java_lang_Thread::set_thread(thread_oop(), listener_thread);
    java_lang_Thread::set_daemon(thread_oop());

    listener_thread->set_threadObj(thread_oop());
    Threads::add(listener_thread);
    Thread::start(listener_thread);
  }
}

  此时水落石出了，看到创建了一个线程，并且取名为Attach Listener。再看看其子类LinuxAttachListener的init方法

int LinuxAttachListener::init() {
  char path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];          // socket file
  char initial_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];  // socket file during setup
  int listener;                      // listener socket (file descriptor)

  // register function to cleanup
  ::atexit(listener_cleanup);

  int n = snprintf(path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "%s/.java_pid%d",
                   os::get_temp_directory(), os::current_process_id());
  if (n < (int)UNIX_PATH_MAX) {
    n = snprintf(initial_path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "%s.tmp", path);
  }
  if (n >= (int)UNIX_PATH_MAX) {
    return -1;
  }

  // create the listener socket
  listener = ::socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  if (listener == -1) {
    return -1;
  }

  // bind socket
  struct sockaddr_un addr;
  addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
  strcpy(addr.sun_path, initial_path);
  ::unlink(initial_path);
  int res = ::bind(listener, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr));
  if (res == -1) {
    RESTARTABLE(::close(listener), res);
    return -1;
  }

  // put in listen mode, set permissions, and rename into place
  res = ::listen(listener, 5);
  if (res == 0) {
      RESTARTABLE(::chmod(initial_path, S_IREAD|S_IWRITE), res);
      if (res == 0) {
          res = ::rename(initial_path, path);
      }
  }
  if (res == -1) {
    RESTARTABLE(::close(listener), res);
    ::unlink(initial_path);
    return -1;
  }
  set_path(path);
  set_listener(listener);

  return 0;
}

  看到其创建了一个监听套接字，并创建了一个文件/tmp/.java_pid，这个文件就是客户端之前一直在轮询等待的文件，随着这个文件的生成，意味着Attach的过程圆满结束了。

Attach listener接收请求

  看看它的entry实现Attach_listener_thread_entry

static void Attach_listener_thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) {
  os::set_priority(thread, NearMaxPriority);

  thread->record_stack_base_and_size();

  if (AttachListener::pd_init() != 0) {
    return;
  }
  AttachListener::set_initialized();

  for (;;) {
    AttachOperation* op = AttachListener::dequeue();
    if (op == NULL) {
      return;   // dequeue failed or shutdown
    }

    ResourceMark rm;
    bufferedStream st;
    jint res = JNI_OK;

    // handle special detachall operation
    if (strcmp(op->name(), AttachOperation::detachall_operation_name()) == 0) {
      AttachListener::detachall();
    } else {
      // find the function to dispatch too
      AttachOperationFunctionInfo* info = NULL;
      for (int i=0; funcs[i].name != NULL; i++) {
        const char* name = funcs[i].name;
        assert(strlen(name) <= AttachOperation::name_length_max, "operation <= name_length_max");
        if (strcmp(op->name(), name) == 0) {
          info = &(funcs[i]);
          break;
        }
      }

      // check for platform dependent Attach operation
      if (info == NULL) {
        info = AttachListener::pd_find_operation(op->name());
      }

      if (info != NULL) {
        // dispatch to the function that implements this operation
        res = (info->func)(op, &st);
      } else {
        st.print("Operation %s not recognized!", op->name());
        res = JNI_ERR;
      }
    }

    // operation complete - send result and output to client
    op->complete(res, &st);
  }
}

  从代码来看就是从队列里不断取AttachOperation，然后找到请求命令对应的方法进行执行，比如我们一开始说的jstack命令，找到 { “threaddump”, thread_dump }的映射关系，然后执行thread_dump方法

  再来看看其要调用的AttachListener::dequeue()，

AttachOperation* AttachListener::dequeue() {
  JavaThread* thread = JavaThread::current();
  ThreadBlockInVM tbivm(thread);

  thread->set_suspend_equivalent();
  // cleared by handle_special_suspend_equivalent_condition() or
  // java_suspend_self() via check_and_wait_while_suspended()

  AttachOperation* op = LinuxAttachListener::dequeue();

  // were we externally suspended while we were waiting?
  thread->check_and_wait_while_suspended();

  return op;
}

  最终调用的是LinuxAttachListener::dequeue()，

LinuxAttachOperation* LinuxAttachListener::dequeue() {
  for (;;) {
    int s;

    // wait for client to connect
    struct sockaddr addr;
    socklen_t len = sizeof(addr);
    RESTARTABLE(::accept(listener(), &addr, &len), s);
    if (s == -1) {
      return NULL;      // log a warning?
    }

    // get the credentials of the peer and check the effective uid/guid
    // - check with jeff on this.
    struct ucred cred_info;
    socklen_t optlen = sizeof(cred_info);
    if (::getsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, (void*)&cred_info, &optlen) == -1) {
      int res;
      RESTARTABLE(::close(s), res);
      continue;
    }
    uid_t euid = geteuid();
    gid_t egid = getegid();

    if (cred_info.uid != euid || cred_info.gid != egid) {
      int res;
      RESTARTABLE(::close(s), res);
      continue;
    }

    // peer credential look okay so we read the request
    LinuxAttachOperation* op = read_request(s);
    if (op == NULL) {
      int res;
      RESTARTABLE(::close(s), res);
      continue;
    } else {
      return op;
    }
  }
}

  我们看到如果没有请求的话，会一直accept在那里，当来了请求，然后就会创建一个套接字，并读取数据，构建出LinuxAttachOperation返回并执行。

  整个过程就这样了，从Attach线程创建到接收请求，处理请求。

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JVM Attach机制实现

- - 并发编程网 - ifeve.com
感谢支付宝同事【 寒泉子】的投稿. 在讲这个之前，我们先来点大家都知道的东西，当我们感觉线程一直卡在某个地方，想知道卡在哪里，首先想到的是进行线程dump，而常用的命令是jstack ，我们就可以看到如下线程栈了. 大家是否注意过上面圈起来的两个线程，”Attach Listener”和“Signal Dispatcher”，这两个线程是我们这次要讲的attach机制的关键，先偷偷告诉各位，其实Attach Listener这个线程在jvm起来的时候可能并没有的，后面会细说.

JVM研究

- - 开源软件 - ITeye博客
每天接客户的电话都是战战兢兢的，生怕再出什么幺蛾子了. 我想Java做的久一点的都有这样的经历，那这些问题的最终根结是在哪呢. JVM全称是Java Virtual Machine，Java虚拟机，也就是在计算机上再虚拟一个计算机，这和我们使用 VMWare不一样，那个虚拟的东西你是可以看到的，这个JVM你是看不到的，它存在内存中.

jvm调优

- - 互联网 - ITeye博客
printf "%x\n" 21742  找到耗时最长的进程. jstack pid | grep 54ee  定位某个类的方法. jstack 10535|grep -A 10 2a1d (最后十行). jmap 查询pid 内存线程. 附：TOP命令中需要关注的值：. （1）load average：此值反映了任务队列的平均长度；如果此值超过了CPU数量，则表示当前CPU数量不足以处理任务，负载过高.

学习JVM的References

- LightingMan - 淘宝JAVA中间件团队博客
本blog中列举了我学习JVM的references，会不断的更新，为了避免版权问题，就不在blog上提供references的下载了，感兴趣的同学可自行下载或购买，:). |— [ Hotspot GC论文 ]. |— [ 其他JVM GC ]. |— Linux内核源代码情景分析. |— Linux 内核中断内幕.

深入理解JVM

- 小伟 - ITeye论坛最新讨论
1   Java技术与Java虚拟机. 说起Java，人们首先想到的是Java编程语言，然而事实上，Java是一种技术，它由四方面组成: Java编程语言、Java类文件格式、Java虚拟机和Java应用程序接口(Java API). 图1   Java四个方面的关系. 运行期环境代表着Java平台，开发人员编写Java代码(.java文件)，然后将之编译成字节码(.class文件).

jvm垃圾回收

- Cano - 淘宝共享数据平台 tbdata.org
在jvm中堆空间划分为三个代：年轻代（Young Generation）、年老代（Old Generation）和永久代（Permanent Generation）. 年轻代和年老代是存储动态产生的对象. 永久带主要是存储的是java的类信息，包括解析得到的方法、属性、字段等等. 我们这里讨论的垃圾回收主要是针对年轻代和年老代.

JVM内存分配

- - 移动开发 - ITeye博客
计算机内存，它算是CPU与计算机打交道最频繁的区域，所有数据都是先经过硬盘至内存，然后由CPU再从内存中获取数据进行处理，又将数据保存到内存，通过分页或分片技术将内存中的数据再flush至硬盘. 那JVM的内存结构到底是如何呢. JVM做为一个运行在操作系统上，但又独立于os运行的平台，它的内存至少应该包括象寄存器、堆栈等区域.

Azul开源Zing Jvm

- - InfoQ cn
4月末，继Zing 5.2 之后，. Azul Systems宣布他们将无停顿（pauseless ）的 Zing JVM提供给开源软件开发者和项目，以供开发和测试. Azul Systems 工程部副总裁和合作创始人Shyam Pillalamarri向InfoQ说明道：. 我们的部署很大一部分基于开源组件，所以我们认为：“假设我们不能将一些有价值的东西免费提供给开源项目贡献者，他们将一直受限于从Java虚拟机（JVM）视角所看到的内容”，他们将不会考虑额外的用例，或者选择其他能解决了所有内存或扩展性问题、类似Zing的系统.

JVM参数设置

- - 企业架构 - ITeye博客
-Xms768m -Xmx1280m  jvm堆的最小值和最大值设置，一般设成相同值，避免频繁分配堆空间. -XX:NewSize=128m -XX:MaxNewSize=128m  年轻代最小值和最大值设置（年轻代设定了，年老代也就定了），也可以用参数-XX:NewRatio=4，年老代和年轻代的大小比，这里128m有点小了，官方建议的是heap的3/8，差不多280m.