阴茎健康：发现和预防问题#男性健康【Mayo健康指南】

译者 pieccon

Penis health involves more than erections. Find out what affects penis health, the most common penis problems and strategies to promote penis health.

阴茎健康远远不止勃起的问题。本文将会带你找出影响阴茎健康的因素、最普遍的阴茎问题以及促进阴茎健康的策略。

By Mayo Clinic staff

作者：Mayo诊所职员

Penis health is an important part of men's health — and it goes beyond your ability to get and keep an erection, ejaculate and reproduce. Penis problems can indicate an underlying health condition. In addition, ongoing health issues affecting your penis can impact other areas of your life, causing stress or relationship problems and harming your self-confidence. Know the signs and symptoms of penis problems and what you can do to protect your penis health.

阴茎健康是男性健康的一个重要组成部分，而这不仅仅是你勃起并维持勃起、射精和生育能力。阴茎问题可以暗示着一种潜在的健康状况。另外，影响你阴茎的持续存在的健康问题可能影响你生活的其它方面，引起压力问题或关系问题，还会伤害你的自信心。认识阴茎问题的信号及症状，了解你可以做什么来保护你的阴茎健康。

What affects penis health?

什么会影响阴茎健康？

Various factors can affect penis health — some modifiable and some not. For example:

各种各样的因素会影响阴茎健康——有一些可改变，有些不能。例如：

Unprotected sex. You may contract a sexually transmitted infection if you have unprotected sex.

■不设防性行为。如果你发生不设防性行为，那么你可能接触到一种性传播传染病。

Aggressive or acrobatic sex or masturbation. If your penis is bent suddenly or forcefully while erect, the trauma may cause a penis fracture.

■侵犯性、杂技性性行为或手淫。如果你的阴茎在勃起的时候突然弯曲或受到强大的外力弯曲，创伤可能导致阴茎骨折。

Heart disease and diabetes. Restricted blood flow caused by diabetes and atherosclerosis — hardening of the arteries — can cause erectile dysfunction.

■心脏病和糖尿病。糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化引起的限制性血液流可能会导致勃起功能障碍。

Certain medications and treatments. Certain medications and treatments may affect your penis health. For example, prolonged use of antibiotics increases your risk of a yeast infection. Surgical removal of the prostate gland (radical prostatectomy) and surrounding tissue as treatment for prostate cancer may cause urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.

■某些药物和治疗。某些药物和治疗可能影响你的阴茎健康。例如，长期使用抗生素会增加你得到念珠菌感染的风险。为了治疗前列腺癌而进行的切除前列腺（前列腺癌根治术）及其周边组织，可能导致小便失禁和勃起功能障碍。

Smoking. Smoking doubles your risk of erectile dysfunction.

■吸烟。吸烟会导致你得到勃起功能障碍的风险加倍。

Hormone levels. Hormone imbalances, such as testosterone deficiency or too much of the hormone prolactin, can cause erectile dysfunction.

■荷尔蒙水平。荷尔蒙失衡，如睾丸素不足或催乳激素过多，会引起勃起功能障碍。

Psychological problems. Depression can cause a loss of libido. Likewise, if you experience an erection problem, you may be concerned that it'll happen again and develop anxiety or depression. This can compound the problem and lead to impotence. Trauma — such as child abuse, relationship difficulties and body image issues — and guilt can lead to pain associated with sex.

■心理问题。抑郁会导致性欲减退。同样地，如果你有过勃起问题，那么或许你会担心它再次发生并出现焦虑或抑郁。这会令问题恶化并导致阳痿。精神创伤——如虐待儿童、关系困难和身体形象问题——和内疚会引起性行为相关的疼痛。

Neurological conditions. Stroke, spinal cord and back injuries, multiple sclerosis and dementia can affect the transfer of nerve impulses from the brain to the penis, causing erectile dysfunction.

■神经系统疾病。中风、脊椎神经和背部受伤、多发性硬化和痴呆会影响神经冲动从大脑传输到阴茎，导致勃起功能障碍。

Getting older. Testosterone levels decline normally as you age. This may lead to a decrease in sexual interest, a need for more stimulation to achieve and maintain an erection, a less forceful ejaculation and a need for more time before you can achieve another erection after ejaculation.

■变老。睾丸素水平随着你的年龄正常下降。这可能会引起性趣降低，需要更多的刺激来达到和维持勃起状态，不太有力的射精，而且在你射精之后需要更多的时间才能达到另一次勃起。

Piercings. A penis piercing can cause skin infections and prolonged erections.

■穿刺。阴茎穿刺会导致皮肤感染和长时间的勃起。

What are the most common penis problems?

最常见的阴茎问题是什么？

Conditions that may affect your penis include:

会影响你阴茎的疾病包括：

Erection or ejaculation problems. These might include erectile dysfunction, the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex, or priapism, a persistent and usually painful erection that isn't caused by sexual stimulation or arousal. Other concerns may include anejaculation — the inability to ejaculate — premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, painful ejaculation and retrograde ejaculation, when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm.

■勃起或射精问题。这些可能包括勃起功能障碍（无法获得和保持性行为所需的足够坚挺的勃起状态）或持续勃起症（一种不是由性刺激或性冲动引起的持久且通常带有疼痛的勃起）。其它担忧可能包括不射精症（不能射精）、早泄、延迟射精、疼痛射精和逆行射精（性高潮时精子进入了膀胱而不是通过阴茎射出）。

Sexually transmitted infections. Various sexually transmitted infections can affect the penis, including genital warts, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and genital herpes. Common signs and symptoms may include painful urination, penis discharge, and sores or blisters on the penis or in the genital area.

■性传播传染病。各种各样的性传播传染病会影响你的阴茎，包括生殖器疣、淋病、衣原体病、梅毒和生殖器疱疹。常见的信号和症状可能包括尿痛、阴茎流脓和在阴茎上或生殖器范围内的疮或水疱。

Problems with the foreskin. A condition known as phimosis occurs when the foreskin on an uncircumcised man can't be retracted from the penis head. Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin can't be returned to its normal position after being retracted.

■包皮相关问题。一种称为“包茎”的疾病，患有此疾病的男性在未割包皮时，其包皮不能从龟头缩回去。嵌顿包茎，包皮在缩回去之后不能恢复到正常位置。

Other diseases and conditions. A yeast infection may cause a reddish rash and white patches on the penis.  Inflammation of the head of the penis (balanitis) may cause pain and a foul discharge. Peyronie's disease, a chronic condition that involves the development of abnormal scar tissue in tissues inside the penis, may result in bent or painful erections. Penis cancer — which may begin as a blister on the foreskin, head or shaft of the penis and then become a wart-like growth that discharges watery pus — is also a rare possibility.

■其它疾病。念珠菌感染可能会导致阴茎上出现红色皮疹和白斑。阴茎头部的炎症（龟头炎）可能引起疼痛和恶臭难闻的分泌物。阴茎硬结症（一种涉及阴茎内组织的异常疤痕组织形成的慢性疾病）可能会导致勃起弯曲或疼痛。阴茎癌——先是在包皮、龟头或阴茎体上长出水疱，然后长成会流出水样脓液的疣样赘生物——也是罕见的。

What are signs or symptoms of penis problems?

阴茎问题的信号或症状有什么？

Consult your doctor as soon as possible if you have:

如果你有以下问题，请尽快咨询你的医生：

Dark bruising on your penis

■你的阴茎上有黑暗的伤痕

Changes in the way you ejaculate

■你射精的方式有所改变

Bleeding during urination or ejaculation

■小便或射精时出血

Warts, bumps, lesions or a rash on your penis or in your genital area

■在你的阴茎或生殖器范围内出现疣、肿块、损伤或皮疹

A severely bent penis or curvature that causes pain or interferes with sexual activity

■阴茎严重弯曲，或弯曲至引起疼痛、干扰到性活动

A burning sensation when you urinate

■小便是有烧灼感

Discharge from your penis

■阴茎流脓

Severe pain following trauma to your penis

■阴茎创伤后严重痛楚

What can I do to keep my penis healthy?

我可以做什么来保持阴茎健康？

You can take steps to protect your penis health and overall health. For example:

你可以采取一些措施来保护你的阴茎健康和整体健康。例如：

Be sexually responsible. Use condoms or maintain a mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who's free of sexually transmitted infections.

■性负责。使用安全套，或维持相互单一性伴侣关系，并确保对方没有感染到性传播传染病。

Get vaccinated. If you're age 26 or younger, consider the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine — which is now available for men — to help prevent genital warts.

■接种疫苗。如果你是26岁以下（包含26岁），那么可以考虑一下人类乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗（目前男性可以注射），以帮助预防生殖器疣。

Stay physically active. Moderate physical activity can significantly reduce your risk of erectile dysfunction.

■保持体力活动。适度的体力活动可以显著降低你得到勃起功能障碍的风险。

Practice good hygiene. If you're not circumcised, regularly clean beneath your foreskin with soap and water.

■养成良好的卫生习惯。如果你还没割包皮，那么常规性地使用肥皂和清水清洁一下包皮下面。

Know your medications. Discuss medication use and possible side effects with your doctor.

■了解你的药物。跟你的医生谈谈你在使用的可能有副作用的药物。

Pay attention to your mental health. Seek treatment for depression and other mental health conditions.

■注意你的精神健康。如果你有抑郁症或其它精神健康疾病，请去寻求治疗方案。

Stop smoking. If you smoke, take the first step and decide to quit — then ask your doctor for help.

■戒烟。如果你是吸烟人士，那么第一步就是要决定戒烟，然后去你的医生那里寻求帮助。

Limit the amount of alcohol you drink and don't use drugs. If you're under the influence, you're more likely to take sexual risks.

■限制你的饮酒量，不要使用毒品。如果你正受到酒精或毒品的影响，那么你的性风险更高。

Regular use. Frequent sex or sexual activity may help you maintain erectile function.

■有规律地使用。经常性性交或性活动可能有助于你维持勃起功能。

Remember, some penis problems can't be prevented. However, routinely examining your penis can give you greater awareness of the condition of your penis and help you detect changes. Regular checkups can also help ensure that problems affecting your penis are diagnosed as soon as possible. While you may find it difficult to discuss problems affecting your penis with your doctor, don't let embarrassment prevent you from taking charge of your health.

记住，一些阴茎问题是不可能预防的。然而，定期检查一下你的阴茎可以让你更清楚认识你阴茎的状况，还能帮助你发现变化。定期检查还能确保影响你阴茎的问题能够尽早被诊断出来。可能你会发现很难跟你的医生讨论影响你阴茎的问题，但是不要让尴尬妨碍了你对自己的健康负责。