世界18座最奇异的桥

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来源The World’s 18 Strangest Bridges: Gallery
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The World's 18 Strangest Bridges

世界18座最奇异的桥

The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, which China claims to be the world’s longest, is now open. But it takes more than length to make a great bridge: Advances in design software and construction materials have given bridge architects opportunities to focus on original, striking and sometimes whimsical designs that impress, while keeping function in mind. Here are some of our favorite unusual bridges and why they're architecturally striking. By Chris Sweeney

胶州湾大桥现已通车，中国宣称它是世界上最长的大桥。但是长度并不能使一座桥成为伟桥：设计软件和建筑材料的发展使得桥梁建筑师有机会在创新、醒目，有时甚至是奇异上大显身手，当然大桥的应用性是要考虑的。下面为大家带来的是深受人们喜欢的非同凡响的大桥，而且我们会看到为什么从建筑的角度看它们会如此大抓眼球。——Chris Sweeney

1. Rolling Bridge

1.   卷桥

Background: UK-based design firm Heatherwick Studio created this 39-foot timber and steel bridge in 2004 to act as a walkway over a small section of London's Grand Union Canal.

背景：这座卷桥是2004年由总部在英国的设计公司Heatherwick工作室设计的。桥长39英尺，由木材和钢筋建造，作为行人通道横架在伦敦大运河。

Why It's Innovative: A hydraulic system built into the bridge's handrail allows it to retract and curl into an octagon. The retractable design allows for boats to cruise through the canal unobstructed, and the bridge rolls up every Friday at noon.

创新点：这座桥的栏杆使用了液压驱动系统，使之能收缩卷曲成八边形。收缩设计使船只畅通无阻的通过运河。卷桥每周五的中午会卷起来。

Donald MacDonald, an architect with more than 40 years of experience who has worked on over a dozen bridges, tells PM that, "this bridge represents an experimental gesture, and it's really complicated for what it does."

Donald MacDonald是一位建筑师，有40多年的经验，设计了十几座桥梁。他说：“这座卷桥表现的是实验的姿态，相对应用来说，它未免太复杂了。”

2: The Neal Bridge

2:  尼尔桥

Background: Habib J. Dagher and colleagues from the University of Maine's Advanced Structures and Composite Center completed this small road bridge in November 2008.

背景：2008年11月，缅因大学高级复合材料结构中心的Habib J.Dagher和同事完成了这座小型路桥的设计。

Why It's Innovative: While at first glance this bridge appears to have a straightforward design, the Neal Bridge is unique because it is supported by a series of 23 arches made from fiber-reinforced plastics that are filled with concrete. "There's been really no new bridge material since high-strength steel and high-strength concrete came in, which was 40 or 50 years ago," MacDonald says. And though the price of composite materials is high, proponents argue that there are significant savings on shipping, construction and long-term maintenance that offset the initial investment.

3: Henderson Waves

 3：亨德申波浪桥

Background: The 118-foot tall Henderson Waves is Singapore's tallest pedestrian bridge, linking Mount Faber Park with Telok Blangah Hill Park.

Why It's Innovative: Pedestrian bridges allow for a certain amount of creativity that's not possible with structures that need to support heavy-duty use. The undulating outer shell of the Henderson Waves is striking, and the inside is shaped into benches where tourists can sit and gaze at nature or the nearby skyline of Singapore City. The bridge, which is about 900 feet long, is illuminated by an array of LED lights each night to bolster its snake-like presence in the midst of two national parks.

4: Sundial Bridge

4：日晷桥

Background: Renowned Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava designed this cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge to be made from a combination of steel, glass and granite. Completed in 2004, the pedestrian bridge crosses the Sacramento River in the Turtle Bay Exploration Park.

Why It's Innovative: As its name implies, the bridge's 217-foot-tall support tower acts as a giant sundial. The deck of this pedestrian bridge is made from nonskid glass panels to give walkers a greater sense of the river. MacDonald notes that the deck's truss bears the bulk of the bridge's load, while the cables appear slack compared with those of other bridges.

5: Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge

5：儒塞利诺库比契克大桥

Background: Completed in 2002, this asymmetrical bridge crosses Lake Paranoa. Its name pays homage to former Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, who established Brasilia as the nation's capital in the 1950s.

Why It's Innovative: Three steel arches that jump from side to side support the deck of the 3900-foot-long bridge. Architect Alexandre Chan, who designed the bridge, has said that he wanted to avoid straight lines on the deck in order to accentuate Brasilia's striking sunsets.

6: Modern Bamboo Bridge

Background: Engineer Yan Xiao of the University of Southern California has developed everything from pedestrian bridges to mobile housing using bamboo. This bridge opened to traffic in December 2007.

Why It's Innovative: The 32-foot bamboo bridge has a load capacity of 8 tons (though it may actually be able to carry a heavier load), making this one of the first bamboo structures capable of handling trucks. Using lightweight prefabricated materials allowed construction workers to avoid using heavy construction equipment, and the bridge took only a week to install.

7: Millau Viaduct

7：米洛高架桥

Background: English architect Norman Foster designed this massive cable-stayed bridge to carry travelers over the valley of the Tarn River. It opened in 2004 with a final price tag of nearly $600 million.

Why It's Innovative: With its apex at 1125 feet, the Millau Viaduct is one of the world's tallest bridges. Despite its huge size, the construction period lasted only three years thanks to the use of GPS guidance systems, self-climbing formwork and prefabricated materials. "What is unusual is to have the towers taper in both directions as they rise," Macdonald says.

More than 1500 tons of cables support the 1.5-mile structure. Because its deck is 885 feet above sea level, drivers often find themselves above the clouds on foggy days.

米洛高架桥长1.5英里，由重达1500吨的缆索支撑。由于桥面高出水面885英尺，雾天里，从桥上经过的司机有种行驶在云端的感觉。

8: Pont Gustave-Flaubert

8：古斯塔夫—福楼拜桥

Background: This vertical lift bridge crosses the Seine, one of France's major commercial waterways. With pylons that stand 282 feet tall, the Pont Gustave-Flaubert is Europe's tallest lift bridge.

背景：古斯塔夫—福楼拜桥是一座垂直升将桥，横跨法国重要的贸易航道——塞纳河。该桥塔架高达282英尺，是欧洲最高的升降桥。

Why It's Innovative: Instead of separating in the middle like a drawbridge, the Pont Gustave-Flaubert's deck is lifted straight up by a butterfly-shaped pulley system so tall ships can pass through. The deck takes about 12 minutes to be pulled all the way up, which happens about 30 or 40 times per year. MacDonald tells PM that using twin roadways allows more sunlight to penetrate the water under the bridge, an important consideration for the river's ecosystem.

创新点：与从中间开合的吊桥不同的是古斯塔夫—福楼拜桥直接由蝴蝶形状的滑轮系统吊起，高船过河也能畅通无阻。12分钟就可以将桥面彻底拉起，每年桥面拉起30或40次。MacDonald告诉我们使用双桥面的优势在于阳光能照射到桥底下的水中，这对于河里的生态系统非常重要.

9: Langkawi Sky Bridge

9：兰卡威天空之桥

Background: This curved pedestrian bridge is 2000 feet above sea level at the top of Mount Mat Cincang in Malaysia. Tourists who want to walk across the 400-foot long structure must ride up to it in a cable car.

背景：兰卡威天空之桥距离海平面2000英尺，蜿蜒于马来西亚Mount Mat Cincang山峰之巅。游客需乘坐缆车到达大桥，才有幸漫步在这长400英尺的天空之桥。

Why It's Innovative: Set above the treetops, the Langkawi Sky Bridge is one of the highest elevated single-stay bridges in the world. The deck is less than 6 feet wide and its curved shape gives travelers a panoramic view of Langkawi, an archipelago of 99 islands. Each end is fitted with triangular observation decks.

创新点：兰卡威天空之桥高架树梢，是世界上饱受赞誉的独柱支撑桥之一。桥面宽不足6英尺。蜿蜒的桥面使游客一览兰卡威这个由99座岛屿组成的群岛的全景。桥每端都设有三角观测台。

10: Hangzhou Bay Bridge

10：杭州湾大桥

Background: This massive structure, which mixes cable-stayed spans and typical highway bridge elements, opened in 2008 after nearly 10 years of planning. It links the cities of Jiaxing and Ningbo, and shortens the commute between the two cities by 75 miles.

背景：这个庞大的建筑物融合了斜拉桥桥墩和典型的公路桥元素，筹划了接近10年之久，在2008年开通。它连通了嘉兴和宁波，将两城市之间的往来距离缩短了75英里。

Why It's Innovative: At 22 miles long, the Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the longest ocean-crossing bridge in the world. Engineers had to account for how Hangzhou Bay's extremely strong tides and powerful typhoons would affect the structure. From end to end, the bridge is slightly S-shaped, which helps it withstand the elements. Future plans include building a service area right in the middle of the bridge.

创新点：杭州湾大桥长22英里，堪称世界最长的跨海大桥。工程师必须要考虑杭州湾巨浪和强大的台风对桥的影响。总体上看，杭州湾大桥呈微S形，这有利于抵抗巨浪和台风。计划将来会在桥中间建一个服务区。

11: Da Vinci Bridge

11：莱昂纳多跨线桥（达芬奇大桥）

Background: Leonardo Da Vinci sketched plans for this bridge in 1502 for Sultan Bajazet II of Constantinople, but it wasn't until 500 years later that the design was brought to life by Norweigan artist Vebjørn Sand. The pedestrian bridge opened in 2001 and crosses the E18 highway.

背景：1502年，莱昂纳多达芬奇为伊士坦丁堡苏丹巴耶塞特二世设计了这座桥雏形。500年后，挪威艺术家Vebjørn Sand将此桥的设计重现。莱昂纳多跨线桥2001年开通，横跨E18公路。

Why It's Innovative: For centuries it was thought that Da Vinci's sketch of the bridge was implausible. The bowed arches of the single-span design are dramatically thin where they connect with the walkway, but they flare out as they approach the ground. Da Vinci's original plan called for the span to be 720 feet long, but Sand and colleagues scaled it down to 300 feet and built the walkway from Norwegian pine.

创新点：几个世纪以来，人们都认为达芬奇桥的设计草图案不可行。犹如弯弓的单拱，在与人行通道连接之处是非常之薄，在向地面延伸的过程中逐渐变厚。达芬奇的原始设计是单拱跨度为720英尺，但Sand和他的同事将跨度缩至300英尺，人行通道材料采用挪威松木。

12: Pythonbrug

Background: Design firm West 8 was commissioned to create a series of bridges linking Amsterdam's Sporenburg area with Borneo Island. Pythonbrug, which roughly translates from Dutch as "Python Bridge," opened in 2001 and is about 300 feet long.

Why It's Innovative: The sinuous Pythonbrug is one of the most modern bridges in Amsterdam, a city famous for its traditional canal bridges. Unlike Singapore's Henderson Waves, which relies on an outer shell to create the wave illusion, the Pythonbrug walkway actually dips and rises. While the bridge is certainly an eye-catcher, MacDonald points out that its steep incline wouldn't pass muster under the Americans With Disabilities Act, which sets a 5 percent limit on the grade of such structures.

13: Gateshead Millennium Bridge

Background: This award-winning tilt-bridge is the brainchild of Wilkinson Eyre, a London-based architecture firm. It crosses the River Tyne, connecting Gateshead and New Castle.

Why It's Innovative: A system of six hydraulic rams can pivot the bridge's walkway at a 40-degree angle in order to let boats pass. Wilkinson Eyre describes the bridge's movement as looking like a "slowly opening eyelid" when it raises, a process that takes fewer than 5 minutes. Perhaps even more impressive is the fact that the bridge was fully constructed before being installed as a single piece by Europe's largest floating crane, Asian Hercules II.

14: Oresund Bridge

14：厄勒海峡大桥

Background: The Oresund Bridge crosses the Oresund strait and joins Sweden with Denmark. This marvel of ingenuity has a total length of 4.8 miles and was completed in 2000.

背景：厄勒海峡大桥横跨厄勒海峡，连接瑞典和丹麦。这座桥堪称创意之奇迹。桥长4.8英里，于2000年竣工。

Why It's Innovative: The Oresund Bridge is an incredibly complex structure that begins as a cable-stayed bridge in Sweden and ends as a tunnel in Denm marvel ark. A small artificial island was built around the tunnel's entrance to keep water from creeping in. Not only is the bridge equipped to handle four lanes of traffic; it also has a double-track railway. Creating the tunnel was likely the best and cheapest solution to completing the crossing without impeding boat traffic, MacDonald says.

创新点： 厄勒海峡大桥构造相当复杂，连接瑞士的那头是斜拉桥，延伸到丹麦那头就变成隧道了。为防止海水从灌入，隧道口处建了一座小岛。这座桥不仅拥有四个行车道，还有一个双轨铁路。MacDonald称建造这个隧道是连通两端而又不妨碍水上交通的最好最省钱的办法。

15: Puente de la Mujer

15：女人桥

Background: The Puente de la Mujer, or "Woman's Bridge" in English, is Santiago Calatrava's second design on this list. The Puente de la Mujer, like the Sundial Bridge, is a cantilever spar cable-stayed design.

背景：在这18座桥中，“女人桥”使设计师Santiago Calatrava再次上榜。与日晷桥一样，女人桥采用的也是斜拉桥设计方案。

Why It's Innovative: The portion of the bridge's deck that is supported by the inclined pylon can rotate a full 90 degrees to accommodate passing ships. "A lot of bridge architects, like myself, are trying to get movement into these bridges, and this is one way to do it," MacDonald says. "[Calatrava] is continually trying to put movement in his architecture. You could say he has introduced movement to the built environment, in both buildings and bridges."

创新点：女人桥桥面由倾斜的塔架支撑。桥面可以旋转90度，方便轮渡通过。MacDonald说“很多桥梁设计师，包括我自己，都希望在设计中融入运动元素。Calatrava一直致力于为建筑物赋予运动性。我们可以看到他已经将运动理念引入了建筑和桥梁中.”

16: Slauerhoffbrug

Background: The Slauerhoffbrug is a tail bridge that can quickly be raised to allow ships to pass. It was completed in 2000 and spans a small section of the Harlinger Vaart River.

16：Slauerhoffbrug桥

背景：Slauerhoffbrug桥是一座尾桥，能够迅速升起，以便船只通过。该桥于2000年完工，横跨Harlinger Vaart River一隅。

Why It's Innovative: Instead of rotating open, the Slauerhoffbrug is lifted up by a dual hydraulic system that is built into its pylon. The Slauerhoffbrug is L-shaped, with its foundation sitting adjacent to the road.

创新点：Slauerhoffbrug桥采用的不是旋转打开，而是利用安装在塔架上的双液压系统将其升起。Slauerhoffbrug桥呈L形，地基与道路比邻。

17: Evergreen Point Floating Bridge

17：长青点浮桥

Background: This floating bridge, which was completed in 1966, carries State Route 520 from Seattle to Medina, Washington. At 1.4 miles long, it has one of the longest floating spans in the world.

背景：这座浮桥于1966年竣工，将520号高速公路从华盛顿州的西雅图护送至麦地那。桥长1.4英里，是世界上最长的浮桥。

Why It's Innovative: Because Lake Washington can be more than 200 feet deep, building a suspension bridge across it was not a viable option in the 1960s. The floating design, which relies on concrete pontoons that are anchored by underwater weights, was the perfect solution. In its more than 40 years of existence, the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge has been battered by high-speed winds and even withstood a barge crashing into it. However, these abuses, along with the bridge's vulnerability to earthquakes, have forced the Washington Department of Transportation to launch a project aimed at replacing the structure.

创新点：由于华盛顿湖深达200英尺，上个世纪60年想要在湖上建一座悬桥是不可能的。浮桥设计是最佳方案，它利用的是混凝土浮船，而浮船则由水下重物固定。在过去的40多年里，长青点浮桥经受住了狂风的摧残和驳船的撞击。考虑到这些自然因素和浮桥脆弱的抗震性，华盛顿运输部已经启动项目来建造取代该桥的建筑。

18: Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge

18：奥克塔维奥.弗里亚斯.奥利维拉桥

Background: This mammoth, x-shaped, cable-stayed bridge was completed in 2008 over the Pinheiros River in São Paulo. The peak of its pylon is 452 feet high, while the bridge's total length is just shy of a mile.

背景：这座巨大的X形斜拉桥于200年竣工，横跨巴西圣保罗的皮耶罗斯河。最高塔架高达452英尺，而桥全长度不足一英里。

Why It's Innovative: The most noticeable attribute of the bridge is how its two levels of traffic cross one another as they pass through the pylon. A series of 144 steel cables were used to support the structure. Brazil spared no expense on this masterpiece; Philips was contracted to develop an energy-efficient system of LED lights that showers the bridge in changing colors and patterns, which the company says consumes 53 percent less energy compared to lighting on other bridges.

创新点：这座桥最值得注意的是，双层桥面都通车，在桥穿越塔架之处，梁桥面相互交叉。桥由144条缆索支撑。巴西在这个杰作上不惜血本。飞利浦公司签约承办了节能LED灯的开发，在LED灯光的照射下，该桥呈现不同的颜色和形状。飞利浦公司称这种灯将比用于其他桥梁上的灯节省53的能耗。

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